ABSTRACT
La crisis de la COVID-19 ha derivado en una protección añadida a la que venía ejerciendo la Administración central a través de los mecanismos extraordinarios de liquidez (MEL). Esto revela una restricción presupuestaria blanda que difícilmente se podrá mantener en el futuro. En este trabajo, además de un seguimiento de los MEL, se hace un repaso de su uso por parte de las comunidades autónomas, al tiempo que se comprueba que la (in)disciplina fiscal de los Gobiernos regionales procede de canales involuntarios. Este resultado revela la necesidad de concretar un nuevo sistema de financiación autonómica, junto con unas reglas fiscales simples, flexibles y creíbles.Alternate :The crisis resulting from Covid-19 has led to additional protection to that provided by the central government through the extraordinary liquidity mechanisms (MEL). This reveals a soft budget constraint that is unlikely to be maintained in the future. In this paper, in addition to monitoring the MEL, we review their use by the autonomous communities, while at the same time finding that the fiscal (in)discipline of the regional governments is explained by involuntary channels. This result reveals the need to specify a new system of regional financing, together with simple, flexible, and credible fiscal rules.
ABSTRACT
Hoy en día, las ciudades compiten por convertirse en la elección de la comunidad mundial en materia de inversiones, comercio, turismo y asociaciones. En este contexto, la redefinición de su estrategia de comunicación, especialmente a nivel digital, se ha convertido en un reto urgente. Por otro lado, la COVID-19 ha impactado directamente en todas las facetas de la vida y, particularmente, en el mundo de los viajes y el turismo, se ha transformado en una crisis de comunicación para las ciudades. Basados en esto, el presente trabajo, utilizando una metodología ya probada en sitios web de diferentes áreas temáticas, presenta una investigación descriptiva, explicativa y exploratoria de los sitios web de las 26 ciudades más visitadas del mundo. Concibiendo los sitios web como el centro neurálgico de la estrategia de comunicación de las ciudades, el estudio ha aplicado una herramienta de análisis basada en seis variables (usabilidad, interactividad, información ofrecida, tipología y actualización de contenidos, redes sociales y contenidos transmedia, y accesibilidad) y organizada en torno a 75 categorías temáticas. Esto permitió profundizar, entre otros temas, en cómo se muestra la ciudad a través de sus canales digitales, qué cuenta y cómo lo cuenta y, de forma muy relevante, cómo las ciudades han abordado la información relacionada con la COVID-19 en sus webs. La investigación destaca, entre otros aspectos, una tendencia a la mediatización de los procesos siguiendo rutinas propias de los cibermedios, advirtiendo de la necesidad de incrementar el papel de las webs como espacios informativos sobre la COVID-19.Alternate :Nowadays, cities are competing to become the global community's choice in investment, trade, tourism, and partnerships. In this context, the redefinition of their communication strategy, especially at the digital level, has become an urgent challenge. On the other side, COVID-19 has directly impacted all facets of life and, particularly in the world of travel and tourism, has transformed into a communication crisis for cities. On this basis, this paper, using a methodology already proven on websites of different thematic areas, presents a descriptive, explanatory, and exploratory research on the websites of the 26 most visited cities in the world. Conceiving websites as the nerve center of cities communication strategy, the study has applied an analysis tool based on six variables (usability, interactivity, information offered, content typology and updating, social networks and transmedia content, and accessibility) and organized around 75 thematic categories. This made it possible to deepen among other topics, on how the city is shown through its digital channels, what and how it tells the story, and, very relevantly, how cities have tackled COVID-19 related information on their websites. The research highlights, among other aspects, a trend towards the mediatization of processes following routines typical of cybermedia, warning of the need to increase the role of websites as informative spaces on COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Hip fractures affecting older people are at a higher risk of complications during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The aim of this study is to provide data about proximal femoral fractures management and early outcomes during COVID-19 pandemic compared to the same period in 2019. Material and Methods: Retrospective and comparative study performed in two different periods were analyzed: from March 15, 2020, to April 30, 2020 (the first six weeks of Spain´s current confinement) and the same period in 2019. Data regarding demographics (age and sex, housing), type of fracture, surgical performance, early outcomes (at 30 days), and at 1-year follow-up were collected. A total of 146 patients were evaluated, 89 in 2019 and 57 in 2020. Results: Despite the drop â¼35.6% in hip fractures during SARS-CoV-2 period, distribution (age (P = 0.985), sex (P = 0.43), housing (P = 0.61), type of fracture (P = 0.41)) and Charlson comorbidity index (P = 0.12) were similar to a 2019 period. Surgical performance did not worsen in spite of the tough situation and the use of personal protective equipment, improving in some radiological variables (tip-to-apex and calcar reduction). In terms of postoperative outcomes, although there is a tendency to a short-term mortality increase (from 3.4% to 5.2%, P = 0.22), there were no differences at 1-year follow-up (20.2% in 2019 and 20.4% in 2020, P=0.587). In the same line, although in both groups the patients lost functionality at 1 year, there were no significant differences (P = 0.42). Conclusion: Even in challenging times, protocols and adequate organization ensure proper outcomes, reaching satisfying clinical and surgical outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite an increasing trend in short term mortality not seen at 1-year follow-up.